Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility
The Indian Constitution exhibits a unique blend of rigidity and flexibility. It allows for amendments through a relatively straightforward process, making it adaptable to changing circumstances while maintaining certain fundamental principles that cannot be altered. This balance ensures stability and continuity in governance while allowing for necessary reforms.
Federal System with a Unitary Bias
India's Constitution establishes a federal system characterized by the distribution of powers between the central and state governments. However, it also incorporates unitary features such as a strong central government, single citizenship, and emergency provisions, allowing the central authority to assume greater control during crises. This dual nature is often referred to as "quasi-federalism."
Parliamentary Form of Government
The Constitution adopts a parliamentary system modeled after the British system, where the executive derives its legitimacy from the legislature. This system fosters cooperation between the legislative and executive branches, promoting accountability and collective responsibility.
Integrated and Independent Judiciary
India has an integrated judiciary, meaning there is a single system of courts that administers both central and state laws. The Supreme Court stands at the apex of this system, ensuring justice and upholding fundamental rights. The independence of the judiciary is crucial for maintaining checks and balances within the government.
Fundamental Rights
Part III of the Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to all citizens, including the right to equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, freedom of religion, cultural rights, and constitutional remedies. These rights serve as safeguards against arbitrary actions by the state and protect individual liberties.
Directive Principles of State Policy
The Directive Principles outlined in Part IV of the Constitution are guidelines for the state to promote social and economic welfare. While they are non-justiciable (not enforceable by law), they aim to establish a just society by directing the government in policy formulation.
Fundamental Duties
Introduced by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, Part IVA of the Constitution lists fundamental duties for citizens. These duties encourage individuals to contribute positively to society and uphold constitutional values while enjoying their rights.
Secularism
The Indian Constitution embodies secularism by treating all religions equally without favoring any particular religion. This principle ensures that citizens can freely practice their faiths while promoting harmony among diverse religious communities.
Universal Adult Franchise
The Constitution guarantees universal adult franchise, allowing every citizen aged 18 years or older to vote without discrimination based on caste, religion, or gender. This provision is fundamental to India's democratic framework, ensuring that all voices are heard in governance.